Career in Biotechnology

Bio-Technology is the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria in industrial process. It covers a wide variety of subjects like Genetics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and is also concerned with many other subjects like Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology, Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology etc. 

The applications include developing various medicines, vaccines and diagnostics, increasing productivity, improving energy production and conservation. Biotechnology's intervention in the area of animal husbandry has improved animal breeding. It also helps to improve the quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. Environmental biotechnology helps for pollution control and waste management. 

The setting up of a separate Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology gave a new boost to the development of the of modern biology and biotechnology in India.

More than 6000 biotechnologists of higher skill are required, the department of Biotechnology (DBT) has highlighted the need to set up a regulatory body for the maintenance of standard education under the name of 'All- India Board of Biotechnology Education and Training' under the AICTE. 

Branches and Application of Biotechnology

Today, Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary activity involving, chemists, biologists, engineers and many other specialists. It scope is enormous. There are sophisticated new drugs produced in the milk of transgenic sheep, microbial cocktails that can clean up contaminated land transgenic plants and fish that yield more food or resist disease - and hundreds of different micro-organism able to produce fermentation products such as amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics.

It is playing a major role in serving the mankind. Be it in forms of improved plant varieties or developing vaccines. It is widely used in food industry, enabling cattle to grow faster and produce new enzymes and making cheese. Some of the prominent areas of its application are given below:

Career in Biotechnology

Bio-Technology is the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria in industrial process. It covers a wide variety of subjects like Genetics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and is also concerned with many other subjects like Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology, Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology etc. 

The applications include developing various medicines, vaccines and diagnostics, increasing productivity, improving energy production and conservation. Biotechnology's intervention in the area of animal husbandry has improved animal breeding. It also helps to improve the quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. Environmental biotechnology helps for pollution control and waste management. 

The setting up of a separate Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology gave a new boost to the development of the of modern biology and biotechnology in India.

More than 6000 biotechnologists of higher skill are required, the department of Biotechnology (DBT) has highlighted the need to set up a regulatory body for the maintenance of standard education under the name of 'All- India Board of Biotechnology Education and Training' under the AICTE. 

Branches and Application of Biotechnology

Today, Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary activity involving, chemists, biologists, engineers and many other specialists. It scope is enormous. There are sophisticated new drugs produced in the milk of transgenic sheep, microbial cocktails that can clean up contaminated land transgenic plants and fish that yield more food or resist disease - and hundreds of different micro-organism able to produce fermentation products such as amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics.

It is playing a major role in serving the mankind. Be it in forms of improved plant varieties or developing vaccines. It is widely used in food industry, enabling cattle to grow faster and produce new enzymes and making cheese. Some of the prominent areas of its application are given below:

Career in Electronics and communication engineering

Electronics and communication engineers design, develop, and supervise the production of electronics devices such as GPS devices, CD players, televisions, or communication devices. Electronics engineers may work on devices utilizing computers, but do not have the same specialties as computer hardware engineers. Electronics engineers also specialize in signal processing, control systems, and communications. Some engineers could specialize in a specific area, such as aviation electronics.

Before mobile phones and internet came into existence, the mode of communication had been via messengers. Messengers existed in different forms pigeons, people, smoke signals etc.

Coming to 21st century and you would find people using all kinds of wireless devices to communicate. So, ever wondered how your 12.9mm cell phone catches signals at the remotest areas. Well, it’s all the work of communication engineers.

What is Electronics & Communication Engineering?

Society relies on Electronics & Communication Engineering for breakthroughs in applications such as satellites, next generation mobile phones, air-traffic control, the Internet etc.

Communication systems are designed by communication engineers. Early inventors in the field include Elisha Gray, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. In recent times, optical fibre has radically improved the bandwidth available for intercontinental communication, facilitating a faster and richer Internet experience. And, digital television has eliminated effects such as snowy pictures and ghosting. Communication remains an important part of world economy. The industry’s revenue is placed at just under 3 percent of the gross world product.

What are Functions of Electronics & Communication Engineer?

Typically, an Electronics & Communication Engineer will perform following work:

• Manage engineering team
• Design the communications equipment including modems, switches, routers and radio links
• Develop real-time computer systems, including embedded computer systems and their software.
• Build and test prototypes of new equipment including integrated circuit components.
• Predict communication systems performance
• Optimize the performance of communications systems
• Provide technical support to marketing or customer service staff and communications technicians.
• Train technical and engineering staff for new system installed.
• Supervise special research projects on next generation communication systems.

What to study in Electronics & Communication Engineering?

At the initial level, students concentrate on core units for electrical engineering: mathematics, physics, electrical and computer systems engineering, digital logic systems, computer organization and programming.
Later on the study includes communications, information transmission, electromagnetic theory, signals and systems, electronics and control systems, engineering management, communications electives and group and individual projects. 

Throughout the course, students choose from a range of electives, including Image Processing, Data Compression and Encryption, Radar Engineering, Microwave Integrated Circuits, Simulation of Communications Systems, Optical Networks, Wireless Networks, Internet Communication Engineering, Microwave Amplifiers and Oscillator Design, Communication Network Management.

They learn about the planning and design, commissioning, performance monitoring, optimization and management of both small scale and complex communications systems.

Career in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Employment opportunities for Electronics and Communication Engineers are growing rapidly. The list of employers includes manufacturers of radio, television, audio/visual, broadcasting and receiving equipments, hardware and associated software including computer systems, interfaces, security devices, data concentration, data transmission, signaling, satellite and radio communications and telephone equipment. Graduate also work in service organizations that provide broadcasting, consulting, data communications, entertainment, custom manufacturing, research and development, and system support.

Multimedia services are establishing employment opportunities not dreamed of years ago, for example video conferencing, interactive video on demand, internet broadcasting of conferences and training programmes and the real-time transfer of vast amounts of information.

Companies around the world are competing to be the first to market products such as digital mobile phones and network components that support the full range of Internet services into compact integrated circuit chip sets. Specialised terminal equipment will become available for new and innovative applications, including telepresence and shared virtual-reality worlds, with almost all existing communication network equipment being improved or replaced with exciting new technologies. 

Communication has be acknowledged as a vital ingredient for technology growing in leaps and bounds. Electronics and Communication Engineers are much in demand, as a nation’s hopes of development rests on their shoulders.

Career in Electronics and communication engineering

Electronics and communication engineers design, develop, and supervise the production of electronics devices such as GPS devices, CD players, televisions, or communication devices. Electronics engineers may work on devices utilizing computers, but do not have the same specialties as computer hardware engineers. Electronics engineers also specialize in signal processing, control systems, and communications. Some engineers could specialize in a specific area, such as aviation electronics.

Before mobile phones and internet came into existence, the mode of communication had been via messengers. Messengers existed in different forms pigeons, people, smoke signals etc.

Coming to 21st century and you would find people using all kinds of wireless devices to communicate. So, ever wondered how your 12.9mm cell phone catches signals at the remotest areas. Well, it’s all the work of communication engineers.

What is Electronics & Communication Engineering?

Society relies on Electronics & Communication Engineering for breakthroughs in applications such as satellites, next generation mobile phones, air-traffic control, the Internet etc.

Communication systems are designed by communication engineers. Early inventors in the field include Elisha Gray, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. In recent times, optical fibre has radically improved the bandwidth available for intercontinental communication, facilitating a faster and richer Internet experience. And, digital television has eliminated effects such as snowy pictures and ghosting. Communication remains an important part of world economy. The industry’s revenue is placed at just under 3 percent of the gross world product.

What are Functions of Electronics & Communication Engineer?

Typically, an Electronics & Communication Engineer will perform following work:

• Manage engineering team
• Design the communications equipment including modems, switches, routers and radio links
• Develop real-time computer systems, including embedded computer systems and their software.
• Build and test prototypes of new equipment including integrated circuit components.
• Predict communication systems performance
• Optimize the performance of communications systems
• Provide technical support to marketing or customer service staff and communications technicians.
• Train technical and engineering staff for new system installed.
• Supervise special research projects on next generation communication systems.

What to study in Electronics & Communication Engineering?

At the initial level, students concentrate on core units for electrical engineering: mathematics, physics, electrical and computer systems engineering, digital logic systems, computer organization and programming.
Later on the study includes communications, information transmission, electromagnetic theory, signals and systems, electronics and control systems, engineering management, communications electives and group and individual projects. 

Throughout the course, students choose from a range of electives, including Image Processing, Data Compression and Encryption, Radar Engineering, Microwave Integrated Circuits, Simulation of Communications Systems, Optical Networks, Wireless Networks, Internet Communication Engineering, Microwave Amplifiers and Oscillator Design, Communication Network Management.

They learn about the planning and design, commissioning, performance monitoring, optimization and management of both small scale and complex communications systems.

Career in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Employment opportunities for Electronics and Communication Engineers are growing rapidly. The list of employers includes manufacturers of radio, television, audio/visual, broadcasting and receiving equipments, hardware and associated software including computer systems, interfaces, security devices, data concentration, data transmission, signaling, satellite and radio communications and telephone equipment. Graduate also work in service organizations that provide broadcasting, consulting, data communications, entertainment, custom manufacturing, research and development, and system support.

Multimedia services are establishing employment opportunities not dreamed of years ago, for example video conferencing, interactive video on demand, internet broadcasting of conferences and training programmes and the real-time transfer of vast amounts of information.

Companies around the world are competing to be the first to market products such as digital mobile phones and network components that support the full range of Internet services into compact integrated circuit chip sets. Specialised terminal equipment will become available for new and innovative applications, including telepresence and shared virtual-reality worlds, with almost all existing communication network equipment being improved or replaced with exciting new technologies. 

Communication has be acknowledged as a vital ingredient for technology growing in leaps and bounds. Electronics and Communication Engineers are much in demand, as a nation’s hopes of development rests on their shoulders.

Career in Electrical and electronics engineering

Electrical and electronics engineers are involved in a wide variety of technology ranging from huge global positioning systems which can pinpoint the location of a moving vehicle to gigantic electrical power generators. These engineers are responsible for designing, developing, testing as well supervising the production of electrical and electronic equipment and machinery. Broadcast and telecommunication systems, electric motors, controls of machinery, lights and wiring in building complexes, vehicles, aircraft, radar and navigation systems, power generation, control and transmission devices which are used by electric utilities are all examples of equipment built by these engineers. They may also work in fields which relate to computers and IT. However, those engineers who deal exclusively with computer hardware are called computer hardware engineers- an engineering specialty with is discussed separately in the Handbook.

Electrical and electronics engineers may choose to specialize in various areas like power generation, transmission and distribution; communications; manufacture of electrical equipment etc or a one particular specialty within these area; foe e.g. industrial robot control systems or aviation electronics. These engineers are involved in designing new products, writing requirements for their performance, as well as developing maintenance schedules and charts. Testing equipment and machinery, solving operation problems, estimating time and cost of electrical and electronic products also come under their job.

In 2002, electrical and electronics engineers had around 292,000 jobs and constituted the largest branch of engineering. Most of these engineers were employed in professional, scientific, and technical services firms as well as government agencies. Manufacturers of computer and electronic equipment and machinery also employed these engineers. The remaining engineers were absorbed by firms which deal in wholesale trade, communications, and utilities.

Job and employment opportunities

Favorable employment opportunities are predicted for electrical and electronic engineers. Job opportunities which would result from retirement and transfers of existing electrical and electronic engineers are in proportion with the degree granted to these graduates and thus demand for these workers roughly equals their supply.

Although the employment opportunities for electrical and electronic engineers are predicted to grow through 2012, their growth rate is slower than the growth of other occupations. Even though there is a rise in demand for electrical and electronic products, (including advanced communication goods) defense-related electronic products, and consumer electronics equipment, competition from abroad and increased use of electronic and electrical engineering services in foreign countries, hinder domestic employment. The growth rate of employment opportunities are predicted to be highest in the service industries which provide electronic engineering expertise.

It is imperative that electrical and electronic engineers continue their education. Those who do not keep abreast of latest advances in technology are at the risk of either loosing jobs or loosing good promotion opportunities.

Career in Electrical and electronics engineering

Electrical and electronics engineers are involved in a wide variety of technology ranging from huge global positioning systems which can pinpoint the location of a moving vehicle to gigantic electrical power generators. These engineers are responsible for designing, developing, testing as well supervising the production of electrical and electronic equipment and machinery. Broadcast and telecommunication systems, electric motors, controls of machinery, lights and wiring in building complexes, vehicles, aircraft, radar and navigation systems, power generation, control and transmission devices which are used by electric utilities are all examples of equipment built by these engineers. They may also work in fields which relate to computers and IT. However, those engineers who deal exclusively with computer hardware are called computer hardware engineers- an engineering specialty with is discussed separately in the Handbook.

Electrical and electronics engineers may choose to specialize in various areas like power generation, transmission and distribution; communications; manufacture of electrical equipment etc or a one particular specialty within these area; foe e.g. industrial robot control systems or aviation electronics. These engineers are involved in designing new products, writing requirements for their performance, as well as developing maintenance schedules and charts. Testing equipment and machinery, solving operation problems, estimating time and cost of electrical and electronic products also come under their job.

In 2002, electrical and electronics engineers had around 292,000 jobs and constituted the largest branch of engineering. Most of these engineers were employed in professional, scientific, and technical services firms as well as government agencies. Manufacturers of computer and electronic equipment and machinery also employed these engineers. The remaining engineers were absorbed by firms which deal in wholesale trade, communications, and utilities.

Job and employment opportunities

Favorable employment opportunities are predicted for electrical and electronic engineers. Job opportunities which would result from retirement and transfers of existing electrical and electronic engineers are in proportion with the degree granted to these graduates and thus demand for these workers roughly equals their supply.

Although the employment opportunities for electrical and electronic engineers are predicted to grow through 2012, their growth rate is slower than the growth of other occupations. Even though there is a rise in demand for electrical and electronic products, (including advanced communication goods) defense-related electronic products, and consumer electronics equipment, competition from abroad and increased use of electronic and electrical engineering services in foreign countries, hinder domestic employment. The growth rate of employment opportunities are predicted to be highest in the service industries which provide electronic engineering expertise.

It is imperative that electrical and electronic engineers continue their education. Those who do not keep abreast of latest advances in technology are at the risk of either loosing jobs or loosing good promotion opportunities.

Career in Environmental engineering

Environmental engineers combine the knowledge of biology and chemistry to devise solutions to environmental problems. Concerns such as air and water pollution, recycling wastes, waste disposal and other public health issues, fall under their field. Environmental engineers study waste management of hazardous substances in order to analyze the risk, the treatment and the methods of containing such hazards. They also sketch regulations so as to prevent the occurrence of mishaps. Municipal water supply systems and industrial wastewater treatment systems are both designed by environmental engineers. They are also in charge of conducting research on proposed projects for the benefit of the environment, analyzing scientific data, and performing quality control checks.

Introduction

A drastic increase in environmental pollution across the globe has led to various research and development works in an effort to contain this menace and a relatively new discipline called environmental engineering has emerged which is providing excellent career opportunities. Environmental engineers apply combined methods of science and engineering to improve the environment so that people have access to healthy water, air and land suitable for human existence. Moreover, opportunities in environmental engineering have increased in last couple of decades and the professionals are recruited by companies working in chemical, geological, petroleum and mining sectors. 
Environmental engineers specialising in basic sciences, ecology, economics, social sciences, and radiological science as well as civil, mechanical and electrical engineers have attractive career options. A qualified professional working for an environmental engineering firm is expected to design, construct and maintain waste management systems so that urban and rural areas are kept healthy. Job of environmental engineers in India is expected to widen up as owing to tremendous economic development the country is facing high degree of environmental pollution and environmental engineers will have to check it.

Step-by-Step

Environmental engineering as a discipline is available at undergraduate level and post-graduate level as well as research level. Whereas B.Sc. in environmental science has duration of 3 years, M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering is of two years duration. A candidate with 10+2 in Physics, Chemistry and Biology can apply for B.Sc. course in Environmental Engineering. Similarly, B.Sc. in Environmental Engineering is required as eligibility criterion for M.Sc. 
Besides undergraduate and post-graduate courses, PG diploma course in Environmental Engineering is popular among candidates for it is an extensive course aimed at enhancing the knowledge and skills in environment science. Students with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics in 10+2 can opt for B.E in Environmental Engineering. MTech in Energy & Environment Management is another attractive option which can be exercised after doing B.E or BTech in environmental or civil engineering.

Is it the Right Career for Me?

Deciding whether or not environmental engineering is a suitable career will require you to think with passion rather than your brains, at the same time keeping your abilities in mind. If you are fervent about the environment and your surroundings with a scientific aptitude, then this is certainly the field to choose. A career in environmental engineering can be challenging as the candidate is expected to come up with revolutionary solutions for various environmental issues. However, the sector is quite attractive in terms of pay packages. Although a comparatively new career, environmental engineering is devoid of cut throat competition and candidates can get admission and jobs in various firms working in environment engineering with relatively less efforts.

What would it Cost Me?

A BTech in environmental engineering costs more than Rs 3 lakhs to candidates; the fee is inclusive of hostel and library charges. Fee is charged semester wise. Some private colleges can charge even more for the course. Similarly, MTech in environmental engineering can cost more than Rs 2 lakhs in four semesters. Various PG diploma courses in environmental engineering can be a cheap solution or substitute for MTech. Courses in government colleges and IITs and NITs are available at subsidised fees but the competition is tough.

Funding/Scholarship

Scholarships such as Central Sector Scheme of Scholarships for College Students in India, Indian Oil Corporation Scholarships Scheme for Engineering Students, Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) Fellowship and MHRD scholarship assistantship for Post Graduate Engineering, etc are considered some of the leading scholarships in India.
Similarly, NTPC Scholarships Scheme for Engineering Students and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC) Scholarships are offered to candidates belonging to backward classes. Various commercial banks in India offer education loans at attractive interest rate to engineering students. It is always advisable to visit a loan provider and discuss various terms and conditions before taking an education loan.

Job Prospects

Environmental engineering has immense scope in India for professionals who are qualified in chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive or even mechanical engineering as environmental engineering is a diverse field and requires people from diverse background. Moreover, professionals from process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment, waste reduction management, pollution prevention, etc are required in large numbers. 
Job prospects for professionals with qualification in environmental engineering are bright in research centres, NGOs and various governmental departments working towards green development. Candidates with M.Tech in environmental engineering have opportunities to work for government built assessment committees which study and analyse the environmental risks involved in certain projects. The report of such a committee is then submitted to the concerned authority for further observation. Scholars with PhD in environmental engineering can opt for teaching jobs in colleges and universities.

International Focus

International firms and supra-national bodies like UNO require candidates with qualification and exposure in environment technology for various projects. Jobs in such projects are not only high paying in terms of salaries but attractive in terms of facilities and amenities offered. The US on the other hand offers attractive salary packages for environmental engineers where median salary for an environmental engineer is 80,000$.

Pay Packet

Environmental engineers have umpteen employment opportunities with Central and State pollution control boards which work towards maintaining clean environment and sustainable growth. Engineers working with State Pollution Control Board can get salaries ranging from Rs 15,000 to Rs 30,000. Candidates with M. Tech in environment engineering receive attractive salary ranging from Rs 35,000 to Rs 50,000. However, doing a research work in environmental engineering can be high paying as the professional earns a salary between Rs 50,000 and Rs 75,000.

Demand and Supply

Environmental engineering is facing shortage of trained professionals. As it is a new branch focussing on various implications of environment pollution, lack of information among candidates prevents them from entering the profession. There is a shortage of environment engineers as more and more organisations embrace environment friendly processes. Most of the engineering students go for traditional engineering disciplines and do not wish to explore the yet not explored environment engineering. However, a rapid growth in environment pollution will require environmental engineers in large numbers so that the same can be mitigated effectively.

Market Watch

Various governmental and non-governmental bodies require environmental engineers who can work for designing of environmental policy and regulation development, contaminated land management and site remediation and ensure environmental health and safety of people. Candidates with specialisation in hazardous waste management and natural resource management have higher employability as the segment is in dire need of trained professionals. Similarly, professionals exposed to risk assessment of various mega projects can get attractive jobs in various panels aimed to study environmental impact of the concerned project. 
Most of the demand in environmental engineering is coming owing to population growth, diminishing resources and risky exploitation of natural resources. Various state governments, mineral extracting companies and NGOs are looking to hire more environmental engineers so that public health problems can be solved. Moreover, more number of environmental engineers will be required to have sustainable development, environmental regulations, etc.

Positives/Negatives

Whereas environmental engineering is a promising career, there are also certain things that one has to keep in mind. Jobs in government sector are filled with the due process established by the concerned authority. Similarly, the job requires lots of analysis and study of various facets and factors before reaching onto any conclusion. 
There are also many advantages and one of them is that it is a promising career and still at a nascent stage.A lot of growth is expected in coming decades and early starters will have a certain advantage. Moreover, the job provides an opportunity to candidates to experience materialisation of conceived ideas towards green development. Environmental engineers help fellow humans by making the earth a better place.

Different Roles, Different Names

As environmental engineering is a diverse segment various segments of engineering come up with important role in it. Engineers from various disciplines have varied range of roles in environmental engineering; some of them are as follows:
•    Agricultural engineers
•    Biologists
•    Chemical engineers
•    Chemists
•    Civil engineers 
•    Ecologists 
•    Geography experts
•    Geologists
•    Hydro-geologists
•    Public health experts
•    Solid waste management professionals
•    Hazardous waste management professionals
•    Water treatment technicians
•    Wastewater treatment technicians

Top Companies

Besides various state pollution control boards formed by the governments of concerned state, Central Pollution Control Board too hires environmental engineers for various posts through exams conducted by UPSC. However, some private corporate firms hire environmental engineers for various requirements. Some of the leading recruiters in India are as follows:
•    AECOM
•    Privi Organics Limited
•    MACTEC 
•    UEM GROUP 
•    Kalpan Hydro Company
•    Goodrich Corporation
•    SPML Infra Limited
•    Brunel India Pvt Ltd
•    The Indure Private LImited
•    Sima Labs Pvt Ltd.
•    IDS Group
•    Dresser-Rand India Pvt Ltd

Top Institutes

B.Sc. in Environment Science can be pursued from:
•    South Gujarat University, Surat
•    University of Delhi
•    Berhampur University
•    Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
•    University of Mysore
•    University of Pune 
B.E. in Environment Science can be pursued from:
•    P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya 
•    Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi
•    Gujarat University, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
•    Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
ME and MTech are offered in:
•    Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Indore (MP)
•    UP Technical University (Instt of Engg & Tech) Lucknow
•    Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur-577102
•    Thapar Instt of Engg & Technology, Patiala
•    IIT, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras
•    Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi

Career in Environmental engineering

Environmental engineers combine the knowledge of biology and chemistry to devise solutions to environmental problems. Concerns such as air and water pollution, recycling wastes, waste disposal and other public health issues, fall under their field. Environmental engineers study waste management of hazardous substances in order to analyze the risk, the treatment and the methods of containing such hazards. They also sketch regulations so as to prevent the occurrence of mishaps. Municipal water supply systems and industrial wastewater treatment systems are both designed by environmental engineers. They are also in charge of conducting research on proposed projects for the benefit of the environment, analyzing scientific data, and performing quality control checks.

Introduction

A drastic increase in environmental pollution across the globe has led to various research and development works in an effort to contain this menace and a relatively new discipline called environmental engineering has emerged which is providing excellent career opportunities. Environmental engineers apply combined methods of science and engineering to improve the environment so that people have access to healthy water, air and land suitable for human existence. Moreover, opportunities in environmental engineering have increased in last couple of decades and the professionals are recruited by companies working in chemical, geological, petroleum and mining sectors. 
Environmental engineers specialising in basic sciences, ecology, economics, social sciences, and radiological science as well as civil, mechanical and electrical engineers have attractive career options. A qualified professional working for an environmental engineering firm is expected to design, construct and maintain waste management systems so that urban and rural areas are kept healthy. Job of environmental engineers in India is expected to widen up as owing to tremendous economic development the country is facing high degree of environmental pollution and environmental engineers will have to check it.

Step-by-Step

Environmental engineering as a discipline is available at undergraduate level and post-graduate level as well as research level. Whereas B.Sc. in environmental science has duration of 3 years, M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering is of two years duration. A candidate with 10+2 in Physics, Chemistry and Biology can apply for B.Sc. course in Environmental Engineering. Similarly, B.Sc. in Environmental Engineering is required as eligibility criterion for M.Sc. 
Besides undergraduate and post-graduate courses, PG diploma course in Environmental Engineering is popular among candidates for it is an extensive course aimed at enhancing the knowledge and skills in environment science. Students with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics in 10+2 can opt for B.E in Environmental Engineering. MTech in Energy & Environment Management is another attractive option which can be exercised after doing B.E or BTech in environmental or civil engineering.

Is it the Right Career for Me?

Deciding whether or not environmental engineering is a suitable career will require you to think with passion rather than your brains, at the same time keeping your abilities in mind. If you are fervent about the environment and your surroundings with a scientific aptitude, then this is certainly the field to choose. A career in environmental engineering can be challenging as the candidate is expected to come up with revolutionary solutions for various environmental issues. However, the sector is quite attractive in terms of pay packages. Although a comparatively new career, environmental engineering is devoid of cut throat competition and candidates can get admission and jobs in various firms working in environment engineering with relatively less efforts.

What would it Cost Me?

A BTech in environmental engineering costs more than Rs 3 lakhs to candidates; the fee is inclusive of hostel and library charges. Fee is charged semester wise. Some private colleges can charge even more for the course. Similarly, MTech in environmental engineering can cost more than Rs 2 lakhs in four semesters. Various PG diploma courses in environmental engineering can be a cheap solution or substitute for MTech. Courses in government colleges and IITs and NITs are available at subsidised fees but the competition is tough.

Funding/Scholarship

Scholarships such as Central Sector Scheme of Scholarships for College Students in India, Indian Oil Corporation Scholarships Scheme for Engineering Students, Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) Fellowship and MHRD scholarship assistantship for Post Graduate Engineering, etc are considered some of the leading scholarships in India.
Similarly, NTPC Scholarships Scheme for Engineering Students and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC) Scholarships are offered to candidates belonging to backward classes. Various commercial banks in India offer education loans at attractive interest rate to engineering students. It is always advisable to visit a loan provider and discuss various terms and conditions before taking an education loan.

Job Prospects

Environmental engineering has immense scope in India for professionals who are qualified in chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive or even mechanical engineering as environmental engineering is a diverse field and requires people from diverse background. Moreover, professionals from process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment, waste reduction management, pollution prevention, etc are required in large numbers. 
Job prospects for professionals with qualification in environmental engineering are bright in research centres, NGOs and various governmental departments working towards green development. Candidates with M.Tech in environmental engineering have opportunities to work for government built assessment committees which study and analyse the environmental risks involved in certain projects. The report of such a committee is then submitted to the concerned authority for further observation. Scholars with PhD in environmental engineering can opt for teaching jobs in colleges and universities.

International Focus

International firms and supra-national bodies like UNO require candidates with qualification and exposure in environment technology for various projects. Jobs in such projects are not only high paying in terms of salaries but attractive in terms of facilities and amenities offered. The US on the other hand offers attractive salary packages for environmental engineers where median salary for an environmental engineer is 80,000$.

Pay Packet

Environmental engineers have umpteen employment opportunities with Central and State pollution control boards which work towards maintaining clean environment and sustainable growth. Engineers working with State Pollution Control Board can get salaries ranging from Rs 15,000 to Rs 30,000. Candidates with M. Tech in environment engineering receive attractive salary ranging from Rs 35,000 to Rs 50,000. However, doing a research work in environmental engineering can be high paying as the professional earns a salary between Rs 50,000 and Rs 75,000.

Demand and Supply

Environmental engineering is facing shortage of trained professionals. As it is a new branch focussing on various implications of environment pollution, lack of information among candidates prevents them from entering the profession. There is a shortage of environment engineers as more and more organisations embrace environment friendly processes. Most of the engineering students go for traditional engineering disciplines and do not wish to explore the yet not explored environment engineering. However, a rapid growth in environment pollution will require environmental engineers in large numbers so that the same can be mitigated effectively.

Market Watch

Various governmental and non-governmental bodies require environmental engineers who can work for designing of environmental policy and regulation development, contaminated land management and site remediation and ensure environmental health and safety of people. Candidates with specialisation in hazardous waste management and natural resource management have higher employability as the segment is in dire need of trained professionals. Similarly, professionals exposed to risk assessment of various mega projects can get attractive jobs in various panels aimed to study environmental impact of the concerned project. 
Most of the demand in environmental engineering is coming owing to population growth, diminishing resources and risky exploitation of natural resources. Various state governments, mineral extracting companies and NGOs are looking to hire more environmental engineers so that public health problems can be solved. Moreover, more number of environmental engineers will be required to have sustainable development, environmental regulations, etc.

Positives/Negatives

Whereas environmental engineering is a promising career, there are also certain things that one has to keep in mind. Jobs in government sector are filled with the due process established by the concerned authority. Similarly, the job requires lots of analysis and study of various facets and factors before reaching onto any conclusion. 
There are also many advantages and one of them is that it is a promising career and still at a nascent stage.A lot of growth is expected in coming decades and early starters will have a certain advantage. Moreover, the job provides an opportunity to candidates to experience materialisation of conceived ideas towards green development. Environmental engineers help fellow humans by making the earth a better place.

Different Roles, Different Names

As environmental engineering is a diverse segment various segments of engineering come up with important role in it. Engineers from various disciplines have varied range of roles in environmental engineering; some of them are as follows:
•    Agricultural engineers
•    Biologists
•    Chemical engineers
•    Chemists
•    Civil engineers 
•    Ecologists 
•    Geography experts
•    Geologists
•    Hydro-geologists
•    Public health experts
•    Solid waste management professionals
•    Hazardous waste management professionals
•    Water treatment technicians
•    Wastewater treatment technicians

Top Companies

Besides various state pollution control boards formed by the governments of concerned state, Central Pollution Control Board too hires environmental engineers for various posts through exams conducted by UPSC. However, some private corporate firms hire environmental engineers for various requirements. Some of the leading recruiters in India are as follows:
•    AECOM
•    Privi Organics Limited
•    MACTEC 
•    UEM GROUP 
•    Kalpan Hydro Company
•    Goodrich Corporation
•    SPML Infra Limited
•    Brunel India Pvt Ltd
•    The Indure Private LImited
•    Sima Labs Pvt Ltd.
•    IDS Group
•    Dresser-Rand India Pvt Ltd

Top Institutes

B.Sc. in Environment Science can be pursued from:
•    South Gujarat University, Surat
•    University of Delhi
•    Berhampur University
•    Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
•    University of Mysore
•    University of Pune 
B.E. in Environment Science can be pursued from:
•    P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya 
•    Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi
•    Gujarat University, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
•    Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
ME and MTech are offered in:
•    Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Indore (MP)
•    UP Technical University (Instt of Engg & Tech) Lucknow
•    Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur-577102
•    Thapar Instt of Engg & Technology, Patiala
•    IIT, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras
•    Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi

Career in Petroleum engineering

Petroleum engineering course offer wonderful job opportunities at global and domestic levels. Opportunities in oil and gas sector are ample in Middle East with very high annual income packages. Higher education opportunities are good all over America and Europe too.

Introduction

Despite the fact that petroleum engineering is an attractive and high paying career option, not much information is available on it. Typically, a petroleum engineering graduate is given the job to discover natural sources of oil and examine the same. Similarly, developing the latest machines and equipments which can be used in the extraction and processing of oil is part of the job of a petroleum engineer. Petroleum engineers have global career and are hired by global oil companies.

The petroleum Engineering is divided into two parts.

Upstream Sector

The upstream sector consists of activities like exploration, production and exploitation of oil and natural gases. After gaining a qualification in petroleum engineering, the engineers work in the exploration and production activities of petroleum and other related products. Using the latest drilling technology and geophysics for the exploration of oil reservoirs, they exploit the same for maximum output.

Downstream Sector

The downstream sector consist activities such as the refining, marketing and distributing of petroleum products. Production is not the only work carried out in a petroleum company and the job of petroleum engineer does not get over as the oil is produced, rather, it starts at this stage. Refining process is crucial for an oil product as then only it can be used. Marketing and distributing department may require a petroleum engineer to have some management degree.

Step-by-Step

As the world is highly dependent upon petroleum as a source of energy, a career in the field is bound to be attractive and challenging. An aspirant can do a BTech in petroleum engineering after completing 10+2 in the science stream.

Similarly, post graduate program in the field can be done after the completion of BE/BTech degree in the relevant subject. If you are an MSc in Chemistry then that also makes you eligible to do post graduation in petroleum engineering. Research can be done in the fields of petroleum refining and petrochemicals, petroleum exploration and production and mechanical or petroleum science, etc.

Start Early

Considering the inclination towards petroleum engineering one should start preparing for entrance exams which are conducted by various engineering colleges. As Petroleum is available in areas which are geographically isolated places, it could be challenging to work in such a place. However, it is a highly paid career and money attracts lots of students to pursue this field of study in engineering colleges.

Is it the Right Career for Me?

Asking the question to self might answer whether you are right in selecting petroleum engineering as your career. Before opting for a career in petroleum engineering analyse yourself, your interests, long term goals, affordability of staying in foreign lands and many other related issues. Considering your decision you will be required to study and complete your education so that you are eligible to do a course in petroleum engineering.

What would it Cost Me?

Doing a course in petroleum engineering is expensive. One reason for high fee structure may be because the course requires lots of experiments and equipments. BTech or BE in Petroleum Engineering can cost between Rs 6 to Rs 8 lakhs. Similarly, MTech in petroleum engineering can cost more than Rs 3 lakhs.

Funding and Scholarship

Despite high costs, courses in petroleum engineering attract lots of bright students. Students can get education loans from various nationalised banks or private banks which are being made available at low interest rates. Scholarships are available for meritorious students, particularly for those who excel in entrance exams. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) scholarships are offered to SC/ST students who want to do research in engineering.

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd offers attractive scholarships for engineering students interested in doing research in petroleum energy. Indian Oil Corporation under its corporate social responsibility offers 100 scholarships to engineering students wherein students can avail Rs 2000 per month for four years bachelor degree.

Job Prospects

Career prospects are quite attractive in petroleum sector as petroleum companies have great influence and offer attractive salaries to employees. The demand for petroleum and petroleum products is only expected to increase and the increase would lead to creation of new jobs. In fact, there is great demand of efficient petroleum engineers and almost every young graduate in petroleum engineering gets a job offer from petrol and gas companies from India and overseas.

Whereas private petroleum companies offer attractive salaries to petroleum engineers, government sector oil companies are not far behind in terms of paying attractive salaries and bonuses to employees.

Pay Packet

As in every other industry, remuneration in petroleum engineering is determined according to the knowledge, skills, qualification, capabilities and experience of the candidate. Moreover, if the candidate is from top notch engineering college he may get a job which can pay salary between Rs 25,000 and Rs 30,000 per month. People working in petroleum producing MNCs get median annual salary of around $100, 000.

Demand and Supply

The expanding demand for petroleum products would require exploitation of oil reservoirs which consequently would need trained petroleum engineers. Currently, there is big mismatch in the demand and supply of trained petroleum engineers in India. When Indian oil companies are going overseas and setting up oil producing units, jobs in petroleum sector are bound to increase. Moreover, India is new in imparting training skills in petroleum engineering to its youths. More than India, it is MNCs from overseas who hire Indian petroleum engineers for their various projects.

Market Watch

Despite the fact that oil fields and reservoirs are diminishing, the consumption of oil is increasing rapidly. According to Exxon Mobile sources, global liquid fuels consumption rose to approximately 85 million barrels per day in the first half of 2010. It is more than 1 million barrels per day higher than the first half of 2009.  There would be jobs coming up in the US oil companies but not in the US, in gulf countries and other parts of Central Asia.

Jobs in Russian petroleum firms would be coming up in a big way as the country is trying to exploit its huge oil reservoirs to sell out its petroleum products. Moreover, attractive job options would be available to young petroleum engineers once production starts at Krishna-Godavari basin in India. Companies involved in oil extraction hire Indian petroleum engineers for they work at lower salaries than engineers from other countries.

International Focus

Besides getting jobs in Indian petroleum companies, candidates with qualification in petroleum engineering get jobs in Reliance Industries Ltd, ONGC, Schlumberger, British Gas, Halliburton Services, Essar Oil, GSPC, Shell, OIL, Gas Authority of India Ltd, Cairn Energy, IOCL, Essar Oil Ltd, NIKO Resources, GEOENPRO, MECOM Ltd, Baker Hughes, Reliance Energy, etc amongst many others.

Those who have done masters or research in petroleum engineering can work in research activities of various multinational oil companies in various R&D projects.

Positives and Negatives

Whereas a golden future in exploitation of ‘liquid gold’ attracts every young engineer, risks involved in it can deter many not to opt for such a career. In order to search new oilfields, at times, petroleum engineers are required to stay in remote and distant areas which are not only difficult but unattractive too. When compared with other sophisticated engineering branches such as IT, petroleum engineering professionals face numerous difficulties. No one would wish to work in remote and arid area where life becomes difficult.

On the positive side, it is a highly rewarding career and also provides opportunities to travel to distant places.

Different Roles, Different Names

Depending upon the qualification, skills and experience, roles and designations differ in the field. Some of the positions offered are Reservoir Engineer, Technical Support Engineer, Senior Geoscientist, Drill Bits System Field Engineer, Petroleum Technologist and Drilling Engineer. Other positions are Principal Reservoir Petro Physicist, Technical Support Specialist, Tender and Quotations Analyst, Geosciences Pressure Expert, Senior Petro Physicist, Senior Exploration Geologist and Process Engineer.

Top Companies

• Indian Oil Corporation
• IBP Co. Limited
• Lubricants India
• Oil Gas India
• Petrosil Group
• Shiv-Vani Universal
• ONGC
• Bharat Petroleum
• Reliance Petroleum Limited
• Essar Oil Limited
• Gas Authority of India
• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
• Aban
• Oil India Limited
• Tata Petrodyne
• Bongaigaon Refinery
• Gas Projects (India) Private Limited
• Hindustan Oil Exploration Company Limited
• India LPG
• Kochi Refineries Limited

Top Institutes

The following institutes offer academic qualification in petroleum engineering:

• Bharathisadan Institute of Engineering and Technology
• BR Ambedkar Technological University
• Indian School of Mines
• Maharashtra Institute of Technology
• Institute of Petroleum Studies and Chemical Engineering
• Nowrosjee Wadia College
• University of Petroleum Studies
• Institute of Cheminformatics Studies
• Dr. Harising Gour University

Students interested in pursuing courses in petroleum engineering can do the following:
• BE Petroleum Engineering
• BTech Applied Petroleum Engineering
• BTech Petrochemical Engineering
• BTech Petroleum Engineering
• BTech Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals Engineering
• BTech Petroleum Refining Engineering
• BTech Petroleum Reservoir And Production Engineering
• ME Petroleum Engineering
• MTech Petroleum Engineering
• MTech Petroleum Exploration
• MTech Petroleum Refinery Engineering
• MTech Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Engineering

Tips for getting hired

An international career is much attractive and young engineers willing to explore can work in global oil companies and get international exposure; however, here are few things which can help in building a successful career:

• Excellent academic record in BTech in Petroleum Engineering is a must.
• Technical exposure during various projects carried out during the course shows that the candidate can work effectively when exposed to real scenarios.
• Excellent numerical and computer skills are expected from petroleum engineers as most of the time there would be computer simulation required for further analysis.
• Skills to plan out project and execute them with team spirit are further requirements.

Sound communication skills in English language would enhance the chances of getting international exposure and higher position within the organization.